Spiegel affair
The Spiegel affair of 1962 (German: Spiegel-Affäre) was a political scandal in West Germany.[1] It stemmed from the publication of an article in Der Spiegel, West Germany's weekly political magazine, about the nation's defense forces.[2] Several Spiegel staffers were detained on charges of treason, but were ultimately released without trial.
The scandal stemmed from a conflict between Franz Josef Strauss, federal minister of defense, and Rudolf Augstein, owner and editor-in-chief of Der Spiegel. The affair cost Strauss his office and, according to some commentators, put the post-war West German democracy to its first successful test of press freedom.[3][4]
Cause
[edit]
Strauss and Augstein had clashed in 1961, when Der Spiegel raised accusations of bribery in favor of the FIBAG construction company, which had received a contract for building military facilities. A parliamentary enquiry, however, found no evidence against Strauss.[citation needed]
The quarrel escalated when the 10 October 1962 issue of Der Spiegel presented an article by Conrad Ahlers, "Bedingt abwehrbereit" ("Conditionally Ready to Defend"), about a NATO exercise called "Fallex 62".[1][5][6] The piece "included details about the performance of West Germany’s defense forces" and "a NATO commander’s assessment that found the West German forces to be only partially ready to defend the country."[2]
The magazine was accused of treason (Landesverrat) "by publishing details that a hastily compiled Defense Ministry document claimed were state secrets".[2] At 9 p.m. on 26 October, its offices in Hamburg, as well as the homes of several journalists, were raided and searched by 36 policemen, who confiscated thousands of documents.[5][7] Augstein and editors-in-chief Claus Jacobi and Johannes Engel were arrested. The author of the article, Ahlers, who was vacationing in Spain, was arrested in his hotel during the night. Augstein was in custody for 103 days. The offices remained under police occupation for four weeks, while the magazine continued to appear each week, produced not without some difficulty, elsewhere.[8]
Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was informed of Strauss' actions. However, Wolfgang Stammberger, the Minister of Justice, belonging to the smaller coalition FDP, was deliberately left out of all decisions. News of the arrests caused riots and protest throughout West Germany. Strauss initially denied all involvement, even before the Bundestag; Adenauer, in another speech, complained about an "abyss of treason" ("Abgrund von Landesverrat").[citation needed]
Strauss was finally forced to admit that he had phoned the military attaché of the West German embassy to Spain in Madrid and urged the attaché to have Ahlers arrested. This was clearly illegal – as Minister of the Interior Hermann Höcherl paraphrased, "etwas außerhalb der Legalität" ("somewhat outside of legality"). Since Strauss had lied to the parliament, on 19 November the five FDP ministers of the cabinet resigned, demanding that Strauss be fired. This put Adenauer himself at risk. He found himself publicly accused of backing the suppression of a critical press with the resources of the state.[9]
Conclusion
[edit]On 26 November, the police ended their occupation of the Der Spiegel offices, while Augstein, Ahlers and three others remained under arrest – Augstein until 7 February 1963. In December 1962, Adenauer formed a new coalition with the Free Democratic Party but Strauss and Stammberger were left out of power.[citation needed]
On 13 May 1965, the Bundesgerichtshof (highest German court of appeals) refused to commence trial proceedings against Augstein and Ahlers,[1] ruling that during the affair Strauss had exceeded his competencies and committed Freiheitsberaubung (deprivation of personal freedom); however, because of his belief of acting lawfully ("Verbotsirrtum"), he was exempt from punishment. The case also came before the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, which issued a groundbreaking ruling in August 1966 that laid down the basics of the freedom of the press for decades to come.[10]
Aftermath
[edit]The scandal temporarily halted Strauss' political career and was remembered by many when Strauss ran for Chancellor in 1980, clearly losing against his SPD opponent (and incumbent) Helmut Schmidt. However, it is mostly remembered for altering the political culture of post-war West Germany and – with the first mass demonstrations and public protests – being a turning point from the old Obrigkeitsstaat (authoritarian state) to a modern democracy. The British historian Frederick Taylor argued that the Federal Republic under Adenauer retained many of the characteristics of the authoritarian "deep state" that existed under the Weimar Republic, and that the Spiegel affair marked an important turning point in German values as ordinary people rejected the old authoritarian outlook in favour of the more democratic values that came to be seen as the bedrock of the Federal Republic.[11]
Augstein became one of International Press Institute's 50 Hero of World Press Freedom laureates in 2000 for his role in the Spiegel scandal.[12] The scandal was the closure of a reactionary period and the parochial culture in West Germany.[13]
Movie adaptation
[edit]The Spiegel affair was adapted into a German television film, Public Enemies, which was broadcast in May 2014 on Arte and ARD. The film was criticized by Rudolf Augstein's daughter, Franziska Augstein for containing many historical inaccuracies, in particular for inappropriately focusing on personal conflicts between Strauss and Augstein to the detriment of covering the actual political and judicial conflict in the society.[14]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Marek, Michael; Görtz, Birgit (10 October 2012). "A scandal rocks the young federal republic". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ a b c Krewel, Mona (23 March 2014), "Spiegel Affair", Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Kipp, Almut; Haller, Benjamin (23 September 2012), "Schmidt: 'Demokratische Instinkte heute tiefer'", Hamburger Abendblatt (in German), DE.
- ^ Turner, Henry Ashby (1987), The Two Germanies Since 1945 (excerpt), Yale University Press, pp. 84–86, ISBN 978-0-30003865-1 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Gunkel, Christoph (21 September 2012). "50th Anniversary of the 'Spiegel Affair': A Watershed Moment for West German Democracy". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ "Bedingt abwehrbereit" [Conditionally ready for defense]. Der Spiegel (in German). 10 October 1962. p. 34. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ^ "Sie kamen in der Nacht". Der Spiegel (online). 7 November 1962. pp. 55–84. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- ^ Georg Bönisch; Hans Halter; Per Hinrichs; Georg Mascolo; Dietmar Pieper; Alexander Szandar & Klaus Wiegrefe (21 October 2002). "Spiegel-Affäre ... 'Dummheiten des Staates'". Vor 40 Jahren marschierte die Staatsmacht in die SPIEGEL-Zentrale ein. Herausgeber Rudolf Augstein und weitere angebliche Vaterlandsverräter wurden inhaftiert. Die Aufklärung des Skandals kostete den damaligen Verteidigungsminister Strauß das Amt – und demokratisierte die Republik. Der Spiegel (online). pp. 63–68. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- ^ Oswald, Bernd; Dau, Daniela (17 May 2010), "Von Gier und Größenwahn", Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German).
- ^ Pöttker, Horst (10 July 2012), "Meilenstein der Pressefreiheit – 50 Jahre 'Spiegel'-Affäre", Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte (in German), vol. 2012, no. 29–31, BPB.
- ^ Taylor, Frederick (2011), Exorcising Hitler, London: Bloomsbury Press, p. 371.
- ^ "Rudolf Augstein", Laudatory submission for Hero of World Press Freedom Award, AT: Free Media.
- ^ Esser, Frank; Hartung, Uwe (2004). "Nazis, Pollution, and no Sex: Political Scandals as a Reflection of Political Culture in Germany". American Behavioral Scientist. 47 (1040): 1040–1071. doi:10.1177/0002764203262277. S2CID 143578000.
- ^ Augstein, Franziska (26 April 2014), "Verfilmung der "Spiegel"-Affäre – Das Duell", Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German).
Further reading
[edit]- Birkner, Thomas, and Sebastian Mallek. "The Spiegel Affair, 1962: The incident that changed German journalism history and mediatized politics." in Critical Incidents in Journalism (Routledge, 2020) pp. 203–215. [ISBN missing]
- Bunn, Ronald F (Spring 1966), "The Spiegel Affair and the West German Press: The Initial Phase", The Public Opinion Quarterly, 30 (1): 54–68, doi:10.1086/267381, JSTOR 2747370.
- ——— (1968), German Politics and the Spiegel Affair: A Case Study of the Bonn System, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press (reviews at JSTOR: The American Historical Review, The Western Political Quarterly).
- Davidson, Amy (11 October 2013), "When Journalists are called Traitors", The New Yorker.
- Gimbel, John (August 1965), "The 'Spiegel Affair' in Perspective", Midwest Journal of Political Science, 9 (3): 282–927, doi:10.2307/2109134, JSTOR 2109134.
- Ridley, Hugh. "The Spiegel Affair." in Law in West German Democracy ( Brill, 2019) pp. 130–145.
- Schoenbaum, David (1968), The Spiegel Affair, New York: Doubleday, JSTOR 40199944, International Journal Reviews
- Seifert, Jürgen, ed. (1966), Die Spiegelaffäre [The Spiegel Affair] (2 volumes) (in German), Walter.
External links
[edit]- BVerfGE 20, 162 1 BvR 586/62, 610/63 and 512/64 Spiegel-decision, Institute for Transnational Law, Austin: U Texas. Translation of the West German supreme court's (Bundesverfassungsgericht) legal decision.
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