Sinmara

Sinmara (1893) by Jenny Nyström

In Norse mythology, Sinmara is a gýgr (giantess), usually considered a consort to the fiery jötunn Surtr, the lord of Muspelheim, but wife of Mimir. Sinmara is attested solely in the poem Fjölsvinnsmál, where she is mentioned alongside Surtr in one (emended) stanza, and described as keeper of the legendary weapon Lævateinn in a later passage. Assorted theories have been proposed about the etymology of her name, and her connection with other figures in Norse mythology.

Etymology

Nightmare

The etymology of the name Sinmara is obscure. However, the name has been associated with the nightmare/succubus spirit (mara) of folklore since Árni Magnússon (Magnæus)'s Poetic Edda (1787-1828). The "-mara" ending is thought cognate with mara or "night-mare". The initial sin- element is here identified as meaning "sinew" or rather "nerves", so that the total phrase comes out as "nervous (or nerve-afflicting) nightmare". Árni's edition also explained Sinmara to be a sort of "night fury" (Latin: furia nocturna).

J. Fibiger also embraced the interpretation half-way, stating the name meant "the great [night]mare", where the Sin- meaning great can be compared to Old High German sinfluth or sinvlout 'great flood'.

Adolfo Zavaroni and Emilia Reggio suggest the interpretation "Perpetual-incubus".

It has also been proposed that the sin- element may refer to sindr (Old Norse "cinders"). This is consistent with the attestation in the poem Fjölsvinnsmál that she is hin fölva gýgr ("the pale giantess", or perhaps "ashes-coloured giantess"). Rudolf Simek, while assessing that sin cannot be related to the term sindr, states this would equal a "meaningful interpretation in regard to the colour"; he theorizes that a more likely interpretation is "the pale (night-)mare", noting that this would fit the wife of a fire jötunn.

Sinew-maimer

Viktor Rydberg proposed that the name Sinmara is composed of sin, meaning "sinew", and mara, meaning "the one that maims", noting that mara is related to the verb merja (citing Guðbrandur Vigfússon's dictionary), Rydberg concludes that the name Sinmara thus means "the one who maims by doing violence to the sinews," thus identifying her as Nidhad's wife, who orders Völund's sinews cut to prevent his escape, in the eddic poem Völundarkviða.

Fjölsvinnsmál

Sinmara is solely attested in the Eddaic poem Fjölsvinnsmál. The poem refers to her as a pale giantess (gýgr), so she is "probably a giantess".

The poem Fjölsvinnsmál is a bridal quest, in which Svipdagr eventually gains entry to the mansion that houses his would-be bride Menglöð. Svipdagr (under the pseudonym Vindkaldr) poses questions to the watchman Fjölsviðr ("Much Wise") and gathers intelligence about the mansion. He gleans the fact that the guard-hounds of the mansion can only be distracted by the meat of the rooster Víðófnir. This is where Sinmara figures, as the keeper of Lævateinn, the only weapon capable of slaying the rooster:

Fjǫsviþr kvaþ:
'Lǽvateinn heitir,   es gørþi Loptr rúnum
fyr nágrindr neþan;
Í Lǽgjarns keri   liggr hjá Sinmǫru,
ok halda njarþlásar niu.'

Fjolsvith spake:
"Lævatein is there, that Lopt with runes
Once made by the doors of death;
In Lægjarn's chest
by Sinmora lies it,
And nine locks fasten it firm."

—Hildebrand et al. edition —Henry Adams Bellows translation

That Sinmara will only award the weapon to one who brings her the tail feather of the rooster creates an insurmountable paradox to obtaining it. Fjölsviðr insinuates that a man may succeed in obtaining the weapon Lævateinn if a man carries a certain hard-to-obtain item to Sinmora (here she is referred to as eir aurglasis or "the goddess of gold"). Svipdag in turn inquires what treasure it is that would so delight Sinmara (fǫlva gýgr or "the giantess pale"). Fjölsviðr then replies Svipdagr must bring the "bright sickle" to Sinmara, and then she will give Lævateinn to Svipdagr:

Fjǫsviþr kvaþ:
'Ljósan lea   skaltu í lúþr bera
þanns liggr í Viþofnis vǫlum,
Sinmǫru at selja,   áþr hón sǫm telisk
vápn til vígs at lea.'

Fjolsvith spake:
"The sickle bright in thy wallet bear,
Mid Vithofnir's feathers found;
To Sinmora give it, and then shall she grant
That the weapon by thee be won."

—Hildebrand et al. edition —Henry Adams Bellows translation

Sinmara has so far been mentioned twice explicitly, and twice by periphrases. In certain editions and translations, she is mentioned explicitly a third time as a product of emendation (in an earlier strophe than quoted above). Thus in the modified readings of certain editions and in Bellows' translation, Fjölsviðr names Sinmara and Surtr together, and says that the two are endangered by the rooster Víðópnir that sits atop the tree Mímameiðr:

 Fjǫsviþr kvaþ:
'Viþofnir heitir,   en hann stendr veþrglasi
á meiþs kvistum Mima:
einum ekka   þryngr hann ørófsaman
Surt ok Sinmǫru.'

Fjolsvith spake:
"Vithofnir his name, and now he shines
Like lightning on Mimameith's limbs;
And great is the trouble with which he grieves
Both Surt and Sinmora."

—Hildebrand et al. edition —Henry Adams Bellows translation

However the original reading of this same strophe does not give mention of Sinmara:

Fjösviþr qvaþ:
'Viþofnir han heitir;   En hann stendr veþr-glasi
á Meiþs kvistvm Míma:
einum ecka   þrúngr han ó-rof saman
Svrtr sinn mavtv.'

Fiolsvith.
Vidofnir he is called; in the clear air he stands,
in the boughs of Mima's tree:
afflictions only bring together indissoluble,
the swart bird at his lonely meal.

—Árni Magnússon edition, 1787 —Benjamin Thorpe translation

Theories

Henry Adams Bellows comments that Sinmara is "presumably Surt's wife". In the theories of Viktor Rydberg, Sinmara is the wife of Mímir, the mother of Nótt, Böðvildr, "and other night díses". According to Rydberg, the byname Sinmara refers to "Mímir-Niðhad"'s "queen ordering Völund's hamstrings to be cut".

Hjalmar Falk states that "Sinmara [...] is probably no other than Hel, Loki's daughter." He says that Sinmara is specifically called hin fölva gýgr "the pale giantess" in Fjölsvinnsmál, just as the classical Roman poet Virgil speaks of the pale Orcus, a god of the underworld in Roman mythology, and that Hel is blue or half blue and half light, like the Roman goddess Proserpina, whom Saxo equates to Hel in his Gesta Danorum. Falk further notes that Sinmara is referred to as aurglasis Eirr, which he translates as "the goddess of the gold ring", and compares Hel's being called Gjallar sunnu gátt "wearer of the necklace" in stanza 9 of the poem Forspjallsljóð. Björn Olsen associates the kenning with veðurglasir, a name of Yggdrasill in stanza 24 of the same poem, and translates aurglasir as a name for the root system of the world-tree.

References

Sources

(texts and translations)

• Bellows, Henry Adams, ed. (1923). "Svipdagsmol II: Fjolsvinnsmol". The poetic Edda. Translated by Bellows, Henry Adams. New York: American-Scandinavian Foundation. pp. 239–251.
  • (Reprint: Princeton University Press 1936)
• Hildebrand, Karl; Gering, Hugo; Möbius, Theodor, eds. (1904). Die Lieder der Älteren Edda (in German). Schöningh. (base edition for Bellows's translation)
• Larrington, Carolyne, ed. (2014). "The Sayings of Fiolsvinn". The Poetic Edda. Translated by Larrington, Carolyne. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0191662941. Archived from the original on 2024-05-01. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
• Magnæus, Legatus [Arnas], ed. (1787). "Fiöl-svinns mál". Edda Sæmundar hinns Fróda. Edda rhythmica seu antiqvior, vulgo Sæmundina dicta. Vol. 1. Hafniæ: Gyldendal. pp. 275–310. Archived from the original on 2024-05-01. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
• ——, ed. (1828). "Lexicon Mythologicum". Edda Sæmundar. Vol. 3. Hafniæ: Gyldendal. pp. 273–996. Archived from the original on 2024-05-01. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
• Thorpe, Benjamin, ed. (1907). "The Lay of Fjolsvith". The Elder Edda of Saemund Sigfusson. Translated by Thorpe, Benjamin. London: Norrœna Society. pp. 95–101. ISBN 0-486-43710-8. Archived from the original on 2024-05-01. Retrieved 2020-09-28.

(studies)

• Falk, Hjalmar (1894), "Om Svipdagsmál", Arkiv för nordisk filologi (in Danish), 10: 26–82, archived from the original on 2024-05-01, retrieved 2020-09-28
• Fibiger, J. (1854), Forsög til en forklaring af Eddasangen Fjölsvinsmaal: Indbydelses- skrift til indvielsen af Haderslev laerde skoles nye bygning, Indbydelsesskrift til indvielsen af Haderslev lærde skoles nye bygning (in Danish), Haderslev: Pet. Chr. Koch)
• Gutenbrunner, Siegfried (1940), "Eddica", Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur (in German), 77 (1): 12–25, JSTOR 20654365, archived from the original on 2024-05-01, retrieved 2020-11-22
• Rydberg, Viktor (2003). Our Fathers' Godsaga: Retold for the Young. Translated by William Reaves. pp. 95–101. ISBN 0-595-29978-4.
• —— (1889). Teutonic Mythology. Vol. 1. Translated by Rasmus B. Anderson. London: Swan Sonnenschein. Archived from the original on 2024-05-01. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
• Simek, Rudolf, ed. (2007) [1993], Dictionary of Northern Mythology, translated by Angela Hall, D.S. Brewer, pp. 190–219, ISBN 0-85991-513-1
• Zavaroni, Adolfo; Emilia, Reggio (2006), Langbroek, Erika; Quak, Arend; Roeleveld, Annelies; Vermeyden, Paula (eds.), "Mead and 'Aqua Vitae': Functions of Mímir, Oðinn, Viðofnir and Svipdagr", Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, vol. 61, Rodopo, pp. 65–86, ISBN 9042018593, archived from the original on 2024-05-01, retrieved 2020-09-28

External links

• Media related to Sinmara at Wikimedia Commons