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Mousterian

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Mousterian
Map showing the extent of the Mousterian
Distribution of Homo neanderthalensis, and main sites. Mousterian industries have been found outside this range (e.g., Jordan, Saudi Arabia)
Geographical rangeAfrica and Eurasia
PeriodMiddle Paleolithic
Datesc. 160,000–40,000 BP[1]
Type siteLe Moustier
Major sitesCreswell Crags, Lynford Quarry, Arcy-sur-Cure, Vindija Cave, Atapuerca Mountains, Zafarraya, Gorham's Cave, Devil's Tower, Haua Fteah, Jebel Irhoud
Preceded byAcheulean, Micoquien, Clactonian
Followed byChâtelperronian, Emiran, Baradostian, Aterian, Mal'ta–Buret' culture?

The Mousterian (or Mode III) is an archaeological industry of stone tools, associated primarily with the Neanderthals in Europe, and to the earliest anatomically modern humans in North Africa and West Asia. The Mousterian largely defines the latter part of the Middle Paleolithic, the middle of the West Eurasian Old Stone Age. It lasted roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 BP. If its predecessor, known as Levallois or Levallois-Mousterian, is included, the range is extended to as early as c. 300,000–200,000 BP.[2] The main following period is the Aurignacian (c. 43,000–28,000 BP) of Homo sapiens.

Naming

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The culture was named after the type site of Le Moustier, three superimposed rock shelters in the Dordogne region of France.[3] Similar flintwork has been found all over unglaciated Europe and also the Near East and North Africa. Handaxes, racloirs, and points constitute the industry; sometimes a Levallois technique or another prepared-core technique was employed in making the flint flakes.[4]

Characteristics

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Le Moustier remains
Le Moustier 1 Neanderthal skull, today in the Neues Museum, Berlin.[5]
Mousterian point
Production of points & spearheads from a flint stone core, Levallois technique, Mousterian culture, Tabun Cave, Israel, 250,000–50,000 BP. Israel Museum
Cave entrance of Raqefet Cave, where Mousterian remains have been found.

The European Mousterian is the product of Neanderthals. It existed roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 BP.[6] Some assemblages, namely those from Pech de l'Aze, include exceptionally small points prepared using the Levallois technique among other prepared core types, causing some researchers to suggest that these flakes take advantage of greater grip strength possessed by Neanderthals.[7]

In North Africa and the Near East, Mousterian tools were produced by anatomically modern humans. In the Eastern Mediterranean, for example, assemblages produced by Neanderthals are indistinguishable from those made by Qafzeh type modern humans.[8] The Mousterian industry in North Africa is estimated to be 315,000 years old.[2]

Possible variants are Denticulate, Charentian (Ferrassie & Quina) named after the Charente region,[9] Typical, and the Mousterian Traditional Acheulian (MTA) Type-A and Type-B.[10] The industry continued alongside the new Châtelperronian industry during the 45,000–40,000 BP period.[11]

Locations

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  • Stone scrapers for cleaning and working leather, Mousterian Culture, Israel, 250,000-50,000 BP
    Stone scrapers for cleaning and working leather, Mousterian Culture, Israel, 250,000-50,000 BP
  • Le Moustier Neanderthal skull reconstitution, Neues Museum Berlin[27]
    Le Moustier Neanderthal skull reconstitution, Neues Museum Berlin[27]
  • Levallois points
    Levallois points
  • Mousterian Culture and Late Stone Age Stone Tools. Notch for sharpening wood, and denticulate for sawing wood and bone. Rosh En Mor and En Aqev. 250,000-22,000 BP. Israel
    Mousterian Culture and Late Stone Age Stone Tools. Notch for sharpening wood, and denticulate for sawing wood and bone. Rosh En Mor and En Aqev. 250,000-22,000 BP. Israel
  • Mousterian & Aurignacian Cultures, Stone Burins used for incising stone and wood, Qafzeh, Hayonim, el-Wad Cave, 250,000-22,000 BP Israel
    Mousterian & Aurignacian Cultures, Stone Burins used for incising stone and wood, Qafzeh, Hayonim, el-Wad Cave, 250,000-22,000 BP Israel
  • Mousterian Culture, stone spearheads, 250,000-50,000. Israel Museum
    Mousterian Culture, stone spearheads, 250,000-50,000. Israel Museum

See also

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The Paleolithic
↑ Pliocene (before Homo)
Lower Paleolithic
 (c. 3.3 Ma – 300 ka)
Middle Paleolithic
 (c. 300–50 ka)
Upper Paleolithic
 (c. 50–12 ka)

Fertile Crescent:

Europe:

Africa:

Siberia:

↓ Mesolithic

References

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  1. ^ Callaway, Ewen (20 August 2014). "Neanderthals: Bone technique redrafts prehistory". Nature. 512 (7514): 242. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..242C. doi:10.1038/512242a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25143094. From the Black Sea to the Atlantic coast of France, these [Mousterian] artefacts and Neanderthal remains disappear from European sites at roughly the same time, 39,000–41,000 years ago, Higham's team conclude. The data challenge arguments that Neanderthals endured in refuges in the southern Iberian Peninsula until as recently as 28,000 years ago
  2. ^ a b Richter, Daniel; Grün, Rainer; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Steele, Teresa E.; Amani, Fethi; Rué, Mathieu; Fernandes, Paul; Raynal, Jean-Paul; Geraads, Denis (2017-06-07). "The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age". Nature. 546 (7657): 293–296. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..293R. doi:10.1038/nature22335. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28593967. S2CID 205255853.
  3. ^ Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E. L.; Walrath, Dana; McBride, Bunny (24 February 2009). The Essence of Anthropology. Cengage Learning. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-495-59981-4. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  4. ^ Aldenderfer, Mark; Andrea, Alfred J.; McGeough, Kevin; Mierse, William E.; Neel, Carolyn (29 April 2010). World History Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-85109-929-0. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  5. ^ Bekker, Henk (23 October 2017). "Neues Museum in Berlin 1175".
  6. ^ Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, eds. (1999). A Dictionary of Archaeology. Blackwell. p. 408. ISBN 0-631-17423-0. Retrieved 1 August 2016. "the classic Mousterian can be identified after perhaps 160,000 BP and lasts until c. 40,000 BP in Europe."
  7. ^ Dibble, Harold L.; McPherron, Shannon P. (October 2006). "The Missing Mousterian". Current Anthropology. 47 (5): 777–803. doi:10.1086/506282. S2CID 145362900.
  8. ^ Shea, J. J. (2003). "Neandertals [sic], competition and the origin of modern human behaviour in the Levant". Evolutionary Anthropology. 12: 173–187. doi:10.1002/evan.10101. S2CID 86608040.
  9. ^ Lock, Andrew; Peters, Charles R. (1999). Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution. "Oxford Science Publications" series. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21690-1. Retrieved 6 January 2012.[page needed]
  10. ^ "Mousterian Industries". Stone Age Reference Collection. Institutt for Arkeologi, Kunsthistorie og Konservering, University of Oslo. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  11. ^ Higham, Tom; Douka, Katerina; Wood, Rachel; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Brock, Fiona; Basell, Laura; Camps, Marta; Arrizabalaga, Alvaro; Baena, Javier; Barroso-Ruíz, Cecillio; Bergman, Christopher; Boitard, Coralie; Boscato, Paolo; Caparrós, Miguel; Conard, Nicholas J.; Draily, Christelle; Froment, Alain; Galván, Bertila; Gambassini, Paolo; Garcia-Moreno, Alejandro; Grimaldi, Stefano; Haesaerts, Paul; Holt, Brigitte; Iriarte-Chiapusso, Maria-Jose; Jelinek, Arthur; Jordá Pardo, Jesús F.; Maíllo-Fernández, José-Manuel; Marom, Anat; Maroto, Julià; et al. (2014). "The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance". Nature. 512 (7514): 306–309. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..306H. doi:10.1038/nature13621. hdl:1885/75138. PMID 25143113. S2CID 205239973.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Langer, William L., ed. (1972). An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 9. ISBN 0-395-13592-3.
  13. ^ Levy, T., ed. (2001). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. London: Leicester University Press.[page needed]
  14. ^ Lan Shaw, Robert Jameson, ed. (2008). A Dictionary of Archaeology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470751961.[page needed]
  15. ^ Dolukhanov, Pavel (2004). The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus. Routledge. ISBN 9781317892229.[page needed]
  16. ^ Karavanić, Ivor; Vukosavljević, Nikola; Janković, Ivor; Ahern, James C.M.; Smith, Fred H. (November 2018). "Paleolithic hominins and settlement in Croatia from MIS 6 to MIS 3: Research history and current interpretations". Quaternary International. 494: 152–166. Bibcode:2018QuInt.494..152K. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.09.034. S2CID 134269685.
  17. ^ "Paleolithic hominins and settlement in Croatia from MIS 6 to MIS 3: Research history and current interpretations". ResearchGate.
  18. ^ Simek, Jan F.; Smith, Fred H. (1997-06-01). "Chronological changes in stone tool assemblages from Krapina (Croatia)". Journal of Human Evolution. 32 (6): 561–575. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0129. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 9210018.
  19. ^ Ahern, James C. M; Karavanić, Ivor; Paunović, Maja; Janković, Ivor; Smith, Fred H (2004-01-01). "New discoveries and interpretations of hominid fossils and artifacts from Vindija Cave, Croatia". Journal of Human Evolution. 46 (1): 27–67. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.09.010. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 14698684.
  20. ^ "The Mousterian industry of Veternica Cave". ResearchGate.
  21. ^ Harvati, Katerina; Roksandic, Mirjana (2017-01-18). Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia: Human Evolution and its Context. Springer. ISBN 978-94-024-0874-4.
  22. ^ Boschian, Giovanni; Gerometta, Katarina; Ellwood, Brooks B.; Karavanić, Ivor (2017-09-02). "Late Neandertals in Dalmatia: Site formation processes, chronology, climate change and human activity at Mujina Pećina, Croatia". Quaternary International. Prehistoric hunter-gatherers and farmers in the Adriatic and neighboring regions. 450: 12–35. Bibcode:2017QuInt.450...12B. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.09.066. hdl:11568/850037. ISSN 1040-6182.
  23. ^ "Kasni musterijen na istočnom Jadranu – temelj za razumijevanje identiteta kasnih neandertalaca i njihovog nestanka". Retrieved 2020-05-17.
  24. ^ "Karavanić, Ivor & Janković, Ivor & Ahern, Jim & Smith, F.. (2014). Current research on the Middle Paleolithic cave, open-air and underwater site in Dalmatia, Croatia. Dolní Věstonice Studies. 20. 31-36". ResearchGate.
  25. ^ a b Karavanić, Ivor (2015), Sázelová, Sandra; Novák, Martin; Mizerová, Alena (eds.), "Research on underwater Mousterian: The site of Resnik – Kaštel Štafilić, Dalmatia, Croatia.", In book: Forgotten times and spaces: New perspectives in paleoanthropological, paleoetnological and archeological studies., Masaryk university, pp. 73–79, doi:10.5817/CZ.MUNI.M210-7781-2015-6, ISBN 978-80-210-7781-2, retrieved 2020-05-18
  26. ^ Rossi, Irena Radić; Karavanić, Ivor; Butorac, Valerija (2020), Bailey, Geoff; Galanidou, Nena; Peeters, Hans; Jöns, Hauke (eds.), "Croatia: Submerged Prehistoric Sites in a Karstic Landscape", The Archaeology of Europe’s Drowned Landscapes, Coastal Research Library, Springer International Publishing, pp. 347–369, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37367-2_18, ISBN 978-3-030-37367-2
  27. ^ Bekker, Henk (23 October 2017). "Neues Museum in Berlin 1175".
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mousterian.
Preceded by Mousterian
600,000—40,000 BP 		Succeeded by
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