Patriotic People's Movement

Patriotic People's Movement

Isänmaallinen kansanliike
Patriotic People's Movement Isänmaallinen kansanliike
Abbreviation	IKL
Founders	Erkki Räikkönen ... and others Herman Gummerus ; Vilho Annala ; Bruno Salmiala ;
Founded	5 June 1932; 92 years ago
Dissolved	23 September 1944; 80 years ago
Preceded by	Lapua Movement
Succeeded by	IKL (1993)
Headquarters	Mikonkatu 15, Helsinki
Newspaper	Ajan Suunta
Youth wing	Blue-and-Blacks; Blackshirts;
Trade union	National Trade Union Confederation of Finland
Membership	100,000 (1930’s est.)
Ideology	Greater Finland; Finnish nationalism; Clerical fascism; Corporate statism
Political position	Far-right
Religion	Lutheranism
Colours	Black White Blue
Anthem	"Luo Lippujen"; (lit. 'Rally to the flags!')
Most MPs in; the Parliament (1936)	14 / 200
	Politics of Finland; Political parties; Elections; ^ (not legal successor) ; ^ (1930-1936) ; ^ (1936-1939) ;

Patriotic People's Movement (Finnish: Isänmaallinen kansanliike, IKL, Swedish: Fosterländska folkrörelsen) was a Finnish nationalist and anti-communist political party. IKL was the successor of the previously banned Lapua Movement. It existed from 1932 to 1944 and had an ideology similar to its predecessor, except that IKL participated in elections with limited success.

History

Formation

The IKL was founded at a conference on 5 June 1932 as a continuation of the Lapua Movement.^[9] The three major founding members were Herman Gummerus, Vilho Annala and Erkki Räikkönen.^[10] Lapua leader Vihtori Kosola was imprisoned for his part in the Mäntsälä rebellion at the time of formation but the leadership was officially kept in reserve for him and other leading rebels, notably Annala and Bruno Salmiala, were involved in the formation of IKL.^[9]

Relationship to mainstream politics

IKL participated in parliamentary elections. In 1933 its election list was pooled with the National Coalition Party (Kokoomus), and got 14 seats out of 200.^[11] Kokoomus collapsed from 42 to 18 seats. After the collapse, Juho Kusti Paasikivi was elected chairman of Kokoomus. He converted his party to the voice of big business and as such had no interest in the direct action tactics of IKL, and thus weeded out the most outspoken IKL sympathizers from the party.^[12]

IKL came under increasing scrutiny from government and was subject to two laws designed to arrest its progress. In 1934, a law passed allowing the suppression of propaganda which brought government or constitution into contempt and this was used against the movement, whilst the following year a law banning political uniforms and private uniformed organisations came in, seriously affecting the Sinimustat in particular.^[12]

IKL kept its 14 seats in the elections of 1936 but was weakened by the overwhelming victory for the coming social democrat-agrarian coalition, under Prime Minister Aimo Kaarlo Cajander that would replace in the spring of 1937 the centrist minority government of Kyösti Kallio, which had, in turn, replaced the narrow right-wing minority government of Toivo Mikael Kivimäki.^[12] The strong new government soon moved against the IKL, with Urho Kekkonen, then Minister of the Interior, bringing legal proceedings against the movement late in 1938. However, the courts did not find sufficient grounds for banning IKL.^[13] Despite this the prosperity experienced under Cajander's government hit the IKL and in the 1939 elections they managed only eight seats.^[14] Kekkonen was one of two leading government opponents of the IKL who would later go on to serve as presidents of Finland, the other being Juho Kusti Paasikivi.

According to docent André Swanström, IKL was by far the most popular party among Finnish Waffen SS recruits.^[15]

Final years

The Winter War, and particularly the Moscow Peace, were seen by IKL and its sympathizers as the ultimate proof of the parliamentary government's failed foreign policy. During the year after the Winter War, Finland's foreign policy was drastically changed, by and large to correspond with that of IKL, and Annala was even included in the Cabinet in January 1941, when all but one parties of the parliament were represented. The price of this recognition was however an end to IKL attacks on the system and as such an effective end to the very reason it had support.^[17] After the initial enthusiasm of the Continuation War in 1941 waned during the first winter, IKL wasn't included in Edwin Linkomies' cabinet in spring 1943.

In the aftermath of the Continuation War, IKL was banned, on the insistence of the Soviet Union, four days after the armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed 19 September 1944.^[18]

Legacy

The IKL initials returned to the far-right political scene in 1993 with the foundation of the Isänmaallinen Kansallis-Liitto by Matti Järviharju.^[19] The new movement died out by 1998.^[20]

Ideology

Ideologically, IKL was ardently nationalist and anti-Communist, and endorsed an aggressive foreign policy against the Soviet Union and hostility towards the Swedish language.^[9] The creation of a Greater Finland was an important goal for the party.^[21] Its manifested purpose was to be the Christian-moral conscience of the parliament. A more hard-line tendency was also active, centered on Bruno Salmiala.^[22]

Organization

Structure

Many of its leaders were priests or participants of the mainly Ostrobothnian Pietist movement called Herännäisyys.^[23]

Symbols and uniforms

The IKL uniform was a black shirt with blue tie, inspired by the Italian fascists,^[9] and also by the Herännäisyys movement, which had a tradition for black clothing. Members greeted each other with a Roman salute.^[24]

Youth wing

The IKL had its own youth organization, called Sinimustat (Blue-and-blacks), members of which were trained in combat.^[9] It was led by Elias Simojoki, a charismatic priest.^[25] Sinimustat were banned in 1936 (although they were immediately reformed as Mustapaidat ("Blackshirts")).

Support

The party received its main support from wealthy farmers, the educated middle-class, civil servants, the Lutheran clergy and university students.^[21] Geographically, IKL obtained its largest share of votes in Southern Ostrobothnian municipalities such as Kuortane, Lapua and Ilmajoki.^[26]

Notable IKL supporters

Arne Somersalo, Commander of the Finnish Airforce 1920–26, IKL MP
Paavo Susitaival, Lt. Col., IKL MP
Paavo Talvela, General
Rolf Nevanlinna, Mathematician, Professor, Rector of the University of Helsinki
Vilho Lampi, painter^[27]
Elias Simojoki, clergyman, IKL MP.
Hilja Riipinen, the only women MP.

Election results

Parliament of Finland

Date	Votes			Seats		Position	Size
Date	#	%	± pp	#	±	Position	Size
1936	97,891	8.34%	+ 8.34	14 / 200	14	Opposition	5th
1939	86,219	6.65%	+ 6.65	8 / 200		Opposition	5th

Gallery
Members of IKL saluting at the statue of Jaakko Ilkka
15th anniversary of White Victory Parade, SKJ and IKL marching
IKL meeting in 1936
IKL women's meeting

References

Notes

^ Philip Rees, Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890, Simon & Schuster, 1990, p. 312
^ ^a ^b Mikko Uola: Sinimusta veljeskunta – Isänmaallinen kansanliike 1932–1944. Otava, 1982. ISBN 951-1-06982-9., osa VIII: Sinimustat ja mustapaidat, pages 292–313
^
- Kalle Seppä : Taantumus! Radikaali oikeistolainen traditio (Megafoni.org)
- Jussi Maijala : Kansankokonaisuuden puolesta : IKL – ei luokkia tai yksilöitä vaan kansankokonaisuus, teoksessa Petri Juuti (toim) : Sinistä, punaista, mustaa - Näkökulmia Suomen 1930–40-lukujen poliittiseen historiaan. Tampereen yliopistopaino, Tampere 2005 ss. 68–69
^ Vares, Vesa and Uola, Mikko & Majander, Mikko (2006) Kansanvalta koetuksella [Democracy under test]. Series: The Finnish Parliament: 100 Years, Part 3. Helsinki: Edita. pp.248,253. ISBN 9513745430
^ Nissen, Henrik (1983). Scandinavia during the Second World War. Universitetsforlaget. p. 25. The fascist-inspired, ultranationalist IKL (the Patriotic People's Movement)
^ Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, eds. (7 September 2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications (published 2011). ISBN 9781483305394. Retrieved 9 September 2020. [...] fascist Italy [...] developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples were Estado Novo in Portugal (1932-1968) and Brazil (1937-1945), the Austrian Standestaat (1933-1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe,
^ "Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja 2004" (PDF). Retrieved 27 March 2021.
^ "15.7.1936 Lakeus no 157, s. 1". digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Upton, p.215
^ Rees, p.1
^ Upton, p. 217
^ ^a ^b ^c Upton, p. 218
^ Upton, p. 219
^ Upton, p. 220
^ André Swanström: Hakaristin ritarit – Suomalaiset SS-miehet, politiikka, uskonto ja sotarikokset, s. 23. Atena, Jyväskylä 2018.
^ Henne, Helmut (2011) Jugend und ihre Sprache [Youth and their language]. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110109672^{[page needed]}
^ Upton, p. 221
^ Upton, p. 222
^ Koivulaakso et al., p. 68
^ Koivulaakso et al., p. 78
^ ^a ^b Carsten, F. L. (1982) The rise of fascism. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 168–169 ISBN 978-0520046436
^ Rees, p. 342
^ Alapuro, Risto (1970) "Akateeminen Karjala-seura: Ylioppilasliike ja kansa 1920– ja 1930–luvulla" ["Academic Karelian Society: Student movement and people in the 1920s and 1930s"]
^ Edgren, Torsten; Manninen, Merja and Ukkonen, Jari. "IKL – lapuan liikkeen jatkaja" ["IKL – the successor of the Lapua Movement"] in Korhonen, Arvi (1949) Suomen historian käsikirja [Handbook of Finnish History]. Werner Söderström. pp. 329–330
^ Rees
^ Mylly, Juhani (1988) Maalaisliitto–Keskustapuolueen historia: Maalaisliitto 1918–1939 [History of the Agrarian Union Center Party: Agrarian Union 1918–1939] p. 385
^ Vilho Lampi: Viimeiset vuodet ("Vilho Lampi: The Last Years") Archived 2022-04-07 at the Wayback Machine Oulun Taidemuseo [Oulu Art Museum]

Bibliography

Koivulaakso, Dan; Brunila, Mikael; and Andersson, Li (2012). Äärioikeisto Suomessa [The far right in Finland] (in Finnish) (2nd ed.). Helsinki: Into. ISBN 978-952-264-180-9.
Rees, Philip (1990) Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890
Upton, A. F. "Finland" in Woolf, S. J. (1981) Fascism in Europe London: Routledge ISBN 9781138938465

Further reading

Vares, Vesa Yrjö (2020) "From allies to opponents. Conservatives facing fascism in Finland in the 1930s" Scandinavian Journal of History v.46, n.2, pp. 224–247. doi:10.1080/03468755.2020.1816212

External links

Media related to Patriotic People's Movement at Wikimedia Commons

[noteNLS-2] (not legal successor)

[noteBnB-3] (1930-1936)

[Blackshirts-5] (1936-1939)

[Rees-1] Philip Rees, Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890, Simon & Schuster, 1990, p. 312

[Sinimusta-4] Mikko Uola: Sinimusta veljeskunta – Isänmaallinen kansanliike 1932–1944. Otava, 1982. ISBN 951-1-06982-9., osa VIII: Sinimustat ja mustapaidat, pages 292–313

[Multiple_sources-6] 
Kalle Seppä : Taantumus! Radikaali oikeistolainen traditio (Megafoni.org)

Jussi Maijala : Kansankokonaisuuden puolesta : IKL – ei luokkia tai yksilöitä vaan kansankokonaisuus, teoksessa Petri Juuti (toim) : Sinistä, punaista, mustaa - Näkökulmia Suomen 1930–40-lukujen poliittiseen historiaan. Tampereen yliopistopaino, Tampere 2005 ss. 68–69

[7] Kalle Seppä : Taantumus! Radikaali oikeistolainen traditio (Megafoni.org)

[8] Jussi Maijala : Kansankokonaisuuden puolesta : IKL – ei luokkia tai yksilöitä vaan kansankokonaisuus, teoksessa Petri Juuti (toim) : Sinistä, punaista, mustaa - Näkökulmia Suomen 1930–40-lukujen poliittiseen historiaan. Tampereen yliopistopaino, Tampere 2005 ss. 68–69

[7] Vares, Vesa and Uola, Mikko & Majander, Mikko (2006) Kansanvalta koetuksella [Democracy under test]. Series: The Finnish Parliament: 100 Years, Part 3. Helsinki: Edita. pp.248,253. ISBN 9513745430

[8] Nissen, Henrik (1983). Scandinavia during the Second World War. Universitetsforlaget. p. 25. The fascist-inspired, ultranationalist IKL (the Patriotic People's Movement)

[9] Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, eds. (7 September 2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications (published 2011). ISBN 9781483305394. Retrieved 9 September 2020. [...] fascist Italy [...] developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples were Estado Novo in Portugal (1932-1968) and Brazil (1937-1945), the Austrian Standestaat (1933-1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe,

[10] "Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja 2004" (PDF). Retrieved 27 March 2021.

[lakeus-11] "15.7.1936 Lakeus no 157, s. 1". digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi.

[Upton215-12] Upton, p.215

[13] Rees, p.1

[14] Upton, p. 217

[Upton218-15] Upton, p. 218

[16] Upton, p. 219

[17] Upton, p. 220

[18] André Swanström: Hakaristin ritarit – Suomalaiset SS-miehet, politiikka, uskonto ja sotarikokset, s. 23. Atena, Jyväskylä 2018.

[19] Henne, Helmut (2011) Jugend und ihre Sprache [Youth and their language]. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110109672^{[page needed]}

[20] Upton, p. 221

[21] Upton, p. 222

[22] Koivulaakso et al., p. 68

[23] Koivulaakso et al., p. 78

[carsten-24] Carsten, F. L. (1982) The rise of fascism. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 168–169 ISBN 978-0520046436

[25] Rees, p. 342

[26] Alapuro, Risto (1970) "Akateeminen Karjala-seura: Ylioppilasliike ja kansa 1920– ja 1930–luvulla" ["Academic Karelian Society: Student movement and people in the 1920s and 1930s"]

[27] Edgren, Torsten; Manninen, Merja and Ukkonen, Jari. "IKL – lapuan liikkeen jatkaja" ["IKL – the successor of the Lapua Movement"] in Korhonen, Arvi (1949) Suomen historian käsikirja [Handbook of Finnish History]. Werner Söderström. pp. 329–330

[28] Rees

[29] Mylly, Juhani (1988) Maalaisliitto–Keskustapuolueen historia: Maalaisliitto 1918–1939 [History of the Agrarian Union Center Party: Agrarian Union 1918–1939] p. 385

[30] Vilho Lampi: Viimeiset vuodet ("Vilho Lampi: The Last Years") Archived 2022-04-07 at the Wayback Machine Oulun Taidemuseo [Oulu Art Museum]

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v t e Far-right politics in Finland
Pre-1945 groups	Academic Karelia Society Blue Cross Blue-and-Blacks Finnish Realm Union Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Front Soldier League Finnish People's Organisation Finnish Labor Front Labor Organisation of Brothers-in-Arms Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement Organisation of National Socialists National Socialists of Finland National Socialist Union of Finland National Trade Union Confederation of Finland NSDAP/AO Finnland Party of Finnish Labor Patriotic Citizens of Viitasaari Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Party People's Community Society Rising Finland Stormers Vientirauha
Post-1945 groups	Atomwaffen Division Finland Blue-and-Black Movement Blue and White Front Finland – Fatherland Finns Party Finnish People First Finnish People's Blue-Whites For Independence Freedom Alliance Kohti Vapautta! Nordic Resistance Movement Patriotic People's Movement Power Belongs to the People Suomen Sisu Soldiers of Odin Turku Society for the Spiritual Sciences Truth Party (Finland)
Pre-1945 people	Reino Ala-Kulju Vilho Annala Torsten Aminoff Hjalmar von Bonsdorff Severin Dobrovolsky Kai Donner Johan Christian Fabritius Petter Forsström C. A. J. Gadolin Herman Gummerus Yrjö von Grönhagen Bertel Gripenberg Reidar Hedman Vilho Helanen Gunnar von Hertzen Carl-Gustaf Herlitz Kalevi Heikkinen Antti Isotalo Y. W. Jalander Karl Jansson Kustaa Jussila Kaarlo Kares Y. P. I. Kaila Hans Kalm Arvi Kalsta Rauno Kallia Toivo Karanko Edvard Karvonen Aarne Kauhanen Juho Kaveheimo Olavi Karpalo Yrjö Kivenoja Juhani Konkka Vihtori Kosola Jussi Leino Gunnar Lindqvist Arvi Malmivaara Jussi Muilu Iisakki Nikkola Vietti Nykänen Thorvald Oljemark Johannes Öhquist Unto Parvilahti Martti Pihkala Otto Piisinen Boris Popper Yrjö Raikas Niilo Rauvala Erkki Räikkönen Hilja Riipinen John Rosberg Yrjö Ruutu Yrjö Saarinen Antti Salamaa Bruno Salmiala Kaarlo Salovaara Jaakko Seise Elias Simojoki Teo Snellman Arne Somersalo Paavo Susitaival Paavo Talvela Eino Tuomivaara Örnulf Tigerstedt Jukka Tyrkkö Ensio Uoti Mauno Vannas Kurt Martti Wallenius Artturi Vuorimaa
Post-1945 people	James Hirvisaari Esa Henrik Holappa [fi] Juha Korhonen Juha Kärkkäinen Jouni Lanamäki Seppo Lehto Junes Lokka Olavi Mäenpää Pekka Siitoin Ano Turtiainen
Pre-1945 events	Assassination of Heikki Ritavuori Murder of Onni Happonen Murder of Erik Mättö [fi] Murder of Yrjö Holm [fi] Mäntsälä rebellion Peasant March Ståhlberg kidnapping Vaasa riot
Post-1945 events	Kursiivi printing house arson 1986 Oulu airplane hijacking attempt [fi] Jyväskylä library stabbing 2016 Helsinki Asema-aukio assault Assassination attempt of Pekka Kataja [fi] Kankaanpää terrorism arrests Lahti terrorism arrests [fi]
Other	21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness Ajan Suunta Finnish volunteers in the Waffen-SS Finnlands Lebensraum Kansallissosialisti Kustaa Vaasa Magneettimedia MV-media Siniristi Pro-German resistance movement in Finland (Thoralf Kyrre, Lauri Törni, Arvid Ojasti, Claes Purjo)