Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score
Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) is a method of evaluating the quality of a protein based on both the amino acid requirements of humans and their ability to digest it.
The PDCAAS rating was adopted by the US FDA and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) in 1993 as "the preferred 'best'" method to determine protein quality.[1]
In 2013, FAO proposed changing to Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score.
Methodology
[edit]Using the PDCAAS method, the protein quality rankings are determined by comparing the amino acid profile of the specific food protein against a standard amino acid profile with the highest possible score being a 1.0. This score means, after digestion of the protein, it provides per unit of protein 100% or more of the indispensable amino acids required.
The formula for calculating the PDCAAS percentage is: (mg of limiting amino acid in 1 g of test protein / mg of same amino acid in 1 g of reference protein) x fecal true digestibility percentage.[2]
The PDCAAS value is different from measuring the quality of protein from the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and the biological value (BV) methods.[3] The PER was based upon the amino acid requirements of growing rats, which differ significantly from those of humans. The PDCAAS allows evaluation of food protein quality based on the needs of humans as it measures the quality of a protein based on the amino acid requirements (adjusted for digestibility) of a 2- to 5-year-old child (considered the most nutritionally demanding age group). The BV method uses nitrogen absorption as a basis. However, it does not take into account certain factors influencing the digestion of the protein and is of limited use for application to human protein requirements because what is measured is maximal potential of quality and not a true estimate of quality at requirement level. Nevertheless, BV can be used to assess requirements of protein derived from foods with known quality differences and measure the proportion of absorbed nitrogen which is retained and presumably used for protein synthesis as an accurate indicator for protein measurement.[4]
The FDA gave two reasons for adopting the PDCAAS in 1993: 1) PDCAAS is based on human amino acid requirements, which makes it more appropriate for humans than a method based on the amino acid needs of animals. 2) The Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) had previously recommended PDCAAS for regulatory purposes.
Limitations
[edit]Digestion
[edit]Amino acids that move beyond the terminal ileum in the body are less likely to be absorbed for use in protein synthesis. They may pass out of the body or become absorbed by bacteria, thus appearing to have been digested instead of being present in the feces. The PDCAAS takes no account of where the proteins have been digested.
Similarly, amino acids that are lost due to antinutritional factors present in many foods are assumed to be digested according to the PDCAAS.
Due to this, in 2013, the FAO proposed changing to Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score.[5]
Focus on single proteins
[edit]The PDCAAS method may also still be considered incomplete, since human diets, except in times of famine, almost never contain only one kind of protein. However, calculating the PDCAAS of a diet solely based on the PDCAAS of the individual constituents is impossible, because one food may provide an abundance of an amino acid that the other is missing, in which case the PDCAAS of the diet is higher than that of any one of the constituents. To arrive at the final result, all individual amino acids would have to be taken into account, though, so the PDCAAS of each constituent is largely useless.
For example, grain protein has a PDCAAS of about 0.4 to 0.5, limited by lysine. On the other hand, it contains more than enough methionine. White bean protein (and that of many other pulses) has a PDCAAS of 0.6 to 0.7, limited by methionine, and contains more than enough lysine. When both are eaten in roughly equal quantities in a diet, the PDCAAS of the combined constituent is 1.0, because each constituent's protein is complemented by the other.
A more extreme example would be the combination of gelatine (which contains virtually no tryptophan and thus has a PDCAAS of 0) with isolated tryptophan (which, lacking all other essential amino acids, also has a PDCAAS of 0). Despite individual scores of 0, the combination of both in adequate amounts has a positive PDCAAS, with the limiting amino acids isoleucine, threonine, and methionine. Further, according to a 2000 study by Gerjan Schaafsma, "The questions about the validity of the amino acid scoring pattern and the application of the true fecal rather than the true ileal digestibility correction, as well as the truncation of PDCAAS values warrant a critical evaluation of PDCAAS in its current form as a measure of protein quality in human diets."[2] Also, the scientific community has raised critical questions about the validity of PDCAAS (the validity of the preschool-age child amino acid scoring pattern, the validity of the true fecal digestibility correction and the truncation of PDCAAS values to 100%).[6][7]
Capped score
[edit]In addition, the fact that four proteins, all with different amino acid profiles, receive identical scores of 1.0 limits its usefulness as a comparative tool. Since they have different compositions, it is natural to assume that they perform differently in the human body and should have different scores. In short, this method, however, gives no distinction of their performance relative to each other, because after they pass a certain point, they are all capped at 1.0 and receive an identical rating.[3][8][9] This is because in 1990 at a FAO/WHO meeting, it was decided that proteins having values higher than 1.0 would be rounded or "leveled down" to 1.0 as scores above 1.0 are considered to indicate the protein contains essential amino acids in excess of the human requirements.[10]
Reference pattern
[edit]This reference pattern is based on the essential amino acid requirements for preschool children aged 1–3 years as published in Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2005). Adults aged 18+ will have slightly lower requirements.
| Amino acid | mg/g crude protein |
|---|---|
| Isoleucine | 25 |
| Leucine | 55 |
| Lysine | 51 |
| Methionine + Cysteine (SAA) | 25 |
| Phenylalanine + Tyrosine (AAA) | 47 |
| Threonine | 27 |
| Tryptophan | 7 |
| Valine | 32 |
| Histidine | 18 |
| Total | 287 |
Example values
[edit]A PDCAAS value of 1 is the highest, and 0 the lowest. The table shows the ratings of selected foods. (others[11])
| PDCAAS value | Food |
|---|---|
| 1 | cow's milk[3][2] |
| 1 | eggs[3][2] |
| 1 | casein (milk protein)[3] |
| 1 | soy protein[3] |
| 1 | silkworm pupae[12] |
| 1 | whey (milk protein)[3] |
| 0.996 | mycoprotein[13] |
| 0.99 | potato protein concentrate[14] |
| 0.95 | chicken[15] |
| 0.92 | beef[3][2] |
| 0.91 | soy[2] |
| 0.893 | pea protein concentrate (isolate)[16] |
| 0.87 | Sacha Inchi Powder |
| 0.78 | chickpeas and Edamame[17] |
| 0.77 | bamboo caterpillars[12] |
| 0.75 | black beans[3] |
| 0.74 | tubercles[17] |
| 0.73 | vegetables[17] |
| 0.70 | other peas and legumes in general[17] |
| 0.687 | house cricket[12] |
| 0.66 | dehulled hemp seed[18] |
| 0.64 | fresh fruits[17] |
| 0.59 | cereals and derivatives[17] |
| 0.597 | cooked peas[16] |
| 0.594 | wasp[12] |
| 0.558 | Bombay locust[12] |
| 0.52 | peanuts[3] |
| 0.50 | rices |
| 0.48 | dried fruits[17] |
| 0.525 | wheat bran[16] |
| 0.42 | wheat[2] |
| 0.342 | scarab beetle[12] |
| 0.25 | wheat gluten (food)[3] |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Boutrif, E., Food Quality and Consumer Protection Group, Food Policy and Nutrition Division, FAO, Rome: "Recent Developments in Protein Quality Evaluation" Food, Nutrition and Agriculture, Issue 2/3, 1991
- ^ a b c d e f g Schaafsma G (July 2000). "The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score". The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (7): 1865S–7S. doi:10.1093/jn/130.7.1865S. PMID 10867064.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hoffman, Jay R.; Falvo, Michael J. (2004). "Protein – Which is Best" (PDF). Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 3 (3): 118–30. PMC 3905294. PMID 24482589.
- ^ Srikantia, S. G., University of Mysore, Mysore: "The Use Of Biological Value Of A Protein In Evaluating Its Quality For Human Requirements", Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements EPR 81 29, Rome, Aug 1981.
- ^ "FAO proposes new protein quality measurement. March 2013". Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
- ^ Darragh AJ, Schaafsma G, Moughan PJ (1998). "Impact of amino acid availability on the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score". Bulletin. 336. International Dairy Federation: 46–50. ISSN 0259-8434.
- ^ Dutch Dairy Foundation on Nutrition and Health Proceedings of the International Workshop on Nutritional Aspects of Milk Proteins in Comparison with Other Proteins, organized by the Dutch Foundation on Nutrition and Health, Utrecht, the Netherlands, March 13–14, 1995
- ^ Sarwar G (May 1997). "The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method overestimates quality of proteins containing antinutritional factors and of poorly digestible proteins supplemented with limiting amino acids in rats". The Journal of Nutrition. 127 (5): 758–64. doi:10.1093/jn/127.5.758. PMID 9164998.
- ^ Schaafsma G (2005). "The Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)--a concept for describing protein quality in foods and food ingredients: a critical review". Journal of AOAC International. 88 (3): 988–94. doi:10.1093/jaoac/88.3.988. PMID 16001875.
- ^ FAO/WHO [1990]. Expert consultation on protein quality evaluation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
- ^ Boye, Joyce; Wijesinha-Bettoni, Ramani; Burlingame, Barbara (August 2012). "Protein quality evaluation twenty years after the introduction of the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score method". British Journal of Nutrition. 108 (S2): S183–S211. doi:10.1017/S0007114512002309. ISSN 0007-1145. PMID 23107529.
- ^ a b c d e f J. Yhoung-aree. "Edible insects in Thailand: nutritional values and health concerns". Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite Back. Proceedings of a Workshop on Asia-Pacific Resources and Their Potential for Development, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 19–21 February 2008.
- ^ Edwards, D. G; Cummings, J. H (2010). "The protein quality of mycoprotein". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 69. doi:10.1017/S0029665110001400.
- ^ Ariëns, Renata M.C. (July 2021). "Comparing nutritional and digestibility aspects of sustainable proteins using the INFOGEST digestion protocol". edepot.wur.nl. Journal of Functional Foods. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ "Protein quality evaluation twenty years after the introduction of the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score method". www.researchgate.net. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
- ^ a b c Rutherfurd, Shane M.; Fanning, Aaron C.; Miller, Bruce J.; Moughan, Paul J. (February 2015). "Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Scores and Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Scores Differentially Describe Protein Quality in Growing Male Rats". The Journal of Nutrition. 145 (2): 372–379. doi:10.3945/jn.114.195438. PMID 25644361. S2CID 28977517.
- ^ a b c d e f g Suárez López MM, Kizlansky A, López LB (2006). "[Assessment of protein quality in foods by calculating the amino acids score corrected by digestibility]". Nutrición Hospitalaria (in Spanish). 21 (1): 47–51. PMID 16562812.
- ^ House, James D.; Neufeld, Jason; Leson, Gero (24 November 2010). "Evaluating the quality of protein from hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) products through the use of the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58 (22): 11801–11807. doi:10.1021/jf102636b. ISSN 1520-5118. PMID 20977230.