Panzergrenadier Division Großdeutschland

Panzergrenadier Division "Großdeutschland"
Division "Großdeutschland"
Panzergrenadier Division "Großdeutschland"; Division "Großdeutschland"
Panzergrenadier-Division "Großdeutschland"; "Großdeutschland"-Division
	Insignia of the Großdeutschland Division
Active	19 May 1942 – 9 May 1945
Country	Germany
Branch	German Army
Type	Panzergrenadier
Size	Division
Part of	Infantry Regiment; Infantry Division; Panzer Grenadier Division; Panzer Corps;
Garrison/HQ	Grafenwoehr Training Area, ; near Grafenwöhr, Bavaria, GermanyMilitary training area near; Zielenzig, Brandenburg, Germany
Nickname(s)	Die Feuerwehr; ("The Fire Brigade")
Motto(s)	Gott, Ehre, Vaterland; ("God, Honor, Fatherland")
Engagements	World War II French Campaign; Invasion of Yugoslavia; Operation Barbarossa Battle of Białystok–Minsk; Operation Typhoon; ; Case Blue; Battle of Rzhev; Third Battle of Kharkov; Battle of Kursk; First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive First Battle of Târgu Frumos; ; Vistula–Oder Offensive; East Pomeranian Offensive Battle of Memel; ; ;
Commanders
Notable; commanders	Wilhelm-Hunold von Stockhausen [de]; Gerhard Graf von Schwerin; Walter Hörnlein; Hermann Balck; Hasso von Manteuffel; Karl Lorenz; Dietrich von Saucken; Georg Jauer;
Insignia
Cuff title	(Gothic Script cuff title; 1939–1944); (Latin Script cuff title; 1944–1945);

The Panzergrenadier Division "Großdeutschland",^{[notes 1]} also commonly referred to simply as Großdeutschland^{[notes 2]} or Großdeutschland Division, was an elite combat unit of the German Army (Heer) that fought on the Eastern Front in World War II.

Originally formed in 1921, it was known as the Wachregiment Berlin^[3] and served as a ceremonial guard unit and by the 1939 had grown into a regiment of the combined Wehrmacht German armed forces. The regiment would later be expanded and renamed Infanterie-Division Großdeutschland in 1942, and after significant reorganization was renamed Panzergrenadier-Division Großdeutschland in May 1943. In November 1944, while the division retained its status as a Panzergrenadier division, some of its subordinate units were expanded to divisional status, and the whole group of divisions were reorganized as Panzerkorps Großdeutschland.

1939–1942

The Infantry Regiment Grossdeutschland was activated on 14 June 1939. The regiment saw action in France in 1940, and took part in the invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941. It was attached to Panzer Group 2 in the opening phases of Barbarossa, and was nearly destroyed in the Battle of Moscow in late 1941. On the last day of February 1942, the remnants of the regiment absorbed two battalions of reinforcements that arrived from Neuruppin and the regiment was reconstituted. It later moved to Orel, and on 1 April 1942 the former Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland was reinforced and expanded into the Infanterie-Division Großdeutschland (mot.) (motorized Infantry Division Grossdeutschland) using newly arrived troops from Germany.^[4]

The division was assigned to XXXXVIII Panzer Corps during the opening phases of Fall Blau, the Wehrmacht's 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia. During the combined Soviet winter offensives Operation Uranus and Operation Mars in late November through mid-December, the division fought near Rzhev, where it was rendered combat ineffective. By November 18, 1942, the division only had 7 Panzer II, 1 Panzer III, 19 Panzer IV, and 3 Sd.Kfz. 265 Panzerbefehlswagen operational.^[5]

In January–February 1943, Großdeutschland and XXXXVIII Panzer Corps, along with the II SS Panzer Corps took part in the Third Battle of Kharkov. The division had 5 Panzer II, 20 Panzer III, 85 Panzer IV, 9 Tiger I, 2 Panzerbefehlswagen, and 26 Flammpanzer III available at that time.^[6] The division fought alongside the 1.SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, 2. SS Division Das Reich and 3.SS Division Totenkopf during these battles.^[7] The division's losses as total write-offs at that time amounted to 1 Panzer III, 12 Panzer IV, and 1 Tiger I.^[6] After the conquest of Kharkov, the Großdeutschland was again pulled back and refitted.

On 19 May 1943, with the addition of armoured personnel carriers and Tigers the division was redesignated Panzergrenadier Division Großdeutschland (Armored Infantry Division Grossdeutschland),^[8]^[9] though, in reality, it now had more armored vehicles than most full-strength panzer divisions.

1943–1945

The newly re-equipped division was subordinated to the XXXXVIII Panzer Corps, part of Fourth Panzer Army, and took part in the Battle of Kursk. During the buildup period, a regiment of two battalions were equipped with the new Panther tanks, which were plagued by technical problems, suffering from engine fires and mechanical breakdowns before reaching the battlefield. The division has 4 Panzer II, 23 Panzer III, 68 Panzer IV, 15 Tiger I, 8 command tanks, and 14 Flammpanzer III available.^[10] By 7 July, the division had only 80 of its 300 tanks still fit for combat.^[11] After the Kursk offensive was canceled, the division was transferred back to Army Group Center and resumed its role as a mobile reserve. The Tiger I tank company was expanded to a battalion, becoming the III. Battalion of the Panzer Regiment. Großdeutschland saw heavy fighting around Karachev before being transferred back to XLVIII Panzer Corps in late August.^[12] For the rest of 1943, Großdeutschland retreated across Ukraine, and in 1944 into Romania, where it took part in the First Battle of Târgu Frumos. By May 31, 1944, the division had 14 Panzer IV, 90 Panthers, and 40 Tiger I tanks.^[13]

In early August, the division was transferred to East Prussia from Army Group South Ukraine.^[14] Over the next months, Großdeutschland was involved in heavy fighting in both East Prussia, including a counter-attack on Wilkowischken and the Baltic States, suffering high casualties in both men and materiel.^[15]^[16] The division was nearly destroyed during the battles in the Memel bridgehead.

In November 1944, while the division and several attached units were redesignated as Panzerkorps Großdeutschland. By March 1945, the Panzer Grenadier Division Großdeutschland had been reduced to around 4,000 men after the Battle of Memel.^[17] It had only 1 StuG III, 1 Panzer IV, 5 Panthers, and 6 Tiger I tanks by March 15, 1945.^[18] By 25 April 1945, the division was engaged in heavy fighting in the battles around Pillau.^{[citation needed]} Eight hundred men of the division were evacuated on ferries via the Baltic Sea and surrendered to British forces in Schleswig-Holstein on May 9. The rest were either killed or captured during the fighting in Pillau or surrendered to Soviet forces on May 9 on the Vistula spit.

War crimes

During the campaign in France, Großdeutschland carried out racially motivated murders of hundreds of captured black African members of the French army, which fell into the hands of the infantry regiment. The soldiers of Großdeutschland murdered captured blacks on account of their race, which they believed to merit their separation from white soldiers, and then their execution. For example, on June 10, 1940, at least 150 captured black soldiers were separated and murdered by Großdeutschland in the Erquinvillers area. On 19 and 20 June 1940, the regiment's soldiers carried out a series of massacres of captured blacks in the Chasselay area, in which the regiment together with the SS division 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf murdered about 100 black soldiers for racial reasons.^[19]

Reprisals

The book German Army and Genocide mentions the following incident, from the invasion of Yugoslavia:

When one German soldier was shot and one seriously wounded in Pancevo, Wehrmacht soldiers and the Waffen SS rounded up about 100 civilians at random...the town commander, Lt. Col. Fritz Bandelow conducted the Courts Martial...The presiding judge, SS-Sturmbannführer Rudolf Hoffmann sentenced 36 of those arrested to death. On April 21, 1941, four of the civilians were the first to be shot...On the following day, eighteen victims were hanged in a cemetery and fourteen more were shot at the cemetery wall by an execution squad of the Wehrmacht's Großdeutschland regiment.
— ^[20]

Part of the photographic presentation for the book includes a photo where the Großdeutschland cuff title on the officer is clearly visible. The subject of Grossdeutschland's complicity in many subsequent war crimes in Russia and Ukraine, was the subject of the book by Omer Bartov The Eastern Front, 1941–45, German Troops, and the Barbarization of Warfare (1986, ISBN 0-312-22486-9).

Under existing international law at the time, reprisals were permitted though the Allied nations and Nazi Germany had differing interpretations of the law. In postwar war crimes trials, reprisal killings were deemed to be illegal, a conclusion enshrined in international law by the United Nations.^[21]^[22]

Organization

Structure of the division:^[23]

Headquarters
Grossdeutschland Reconnaissance Battalion
Grossdeutschland Panzer Regiment
Grossdeutschland Panzergrenadier Regiment
Grossdeutschland Fusilier Regiment
Grossdeutschland Engineer Battalion
Grossdeutschland Artillery Regiment
Grossdeutschland Tank Destroyer Battalion
Grossdeutschland Army Anti-Aircraft Battalion
Grossdeutschland Assault Gun Battalion
Grossdeutschland Signal Battalion
Grossdeutschland Divisional Supply Group

Commanders

Infantry Regiment Grossdeutschland

Oberstleutnant Wilhelm-Hunold von Stockhausen [de], July 1939 – February 1940
Oberstleutnant Gerhard Graf von Schwerin, February 1940 – March 1940
Oberst Wilhelm-Hunold von Stockhausen, March 1940 – August 1941
Oberst Walter Hörnlein, August 1941 – April 1942

Infantry/Panzergrenadier Division Grossdeutschland

Generalmajor Walter Hörnlein - 1 April 1942 – 3 April 1943
Generalleutnant Hermann Balck - 3 April - 30 June 1943
Generalleutnant Walter Hörnlein - 30 June 1943 - 1 February 1944
Generalleutnant Hasso von Manteuffel - 1 February 1944 – August 1944
Generalmajor Karl Lorenz - 1 September 1944 - 7 May 1945

References

Notes

^ Großdeutschland means "Greater Germany"
^ The formation went through various stages of expansion, reorganization and name changes, but "Großdeutschland" stayed through all the changes

Citations

^ Sharpe & Davis 2001, p. 88.
^ Jung, Hans Joachim (2000). Panzer Soldiers for "God, Honor, and Fatherland": The History of Panzerregiment Grossdeutschland. Winnipeg, Canada: J.J. Fedorowicz. ISBN 0-921991-51-7.
^ "GD History". Infantryregimentgd.com. 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28.
^ Spaeter 1992, p. 290.
^ Jentz 1996, p. 24.
^ ^a ^b Jentz 1996, p. 36.
^ Ziemke 2002, pp. 89–97.
^ Schneider, Wolfgang (2005). Tigers In Combat. Vol. II. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-81173-203-1. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
^ Nafziger, George. "Organizational History of Miscellaneous German Named Infantry and Panzer Grenadier, Brigades, Verbands & Divisions, 1939-1945" (PDF). Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library. US Army Combined Arms Center. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ Jentz 1996, p. 81.
^ Ziemke 2002, p. 136.
^ Ziemke 2002, p. 152.
^ Jentz 1996, p. 205.
^ Ziemke 2002, p. 341.
^ Ziemke 2002, p. 342.
^ Sharpe & Davis 2001, p. 48.
^ Sharpe & Davis 2001, p. 54.
^ Jentz 1996, p. 247.
^ Scheck, Raffael (2006). Hitler's African Victims. The German Army Massacres of Black French soldiers in 1940. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126 & 154–157. ISBN 978-0-521-85799-4.
^ Hamburg Institute for Social Research 1999, p. 42.
^ "Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention (I) on Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 1949. Article 46: Prohibition of reprisals - Commentary of 2016". International Committee of the Red Cross.
^ Neumaier, Christopher (January 2006). "The Escalation of German Reprisal Policy in Occupied France, 1941-42". Journal of Contemporary History. 41 (1): 113–131. doi:10.1177/0022009406058685. S2CID 159511312.
^ Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007). German Order of Battle, Volume 3 : Panzer, Panzer Grenadier, and Waffen SS Division in WWII. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-81173-438-7.

Bibliography

Hamburg Institute for Social Research, ed. (1999). The German Army and Genocide: Crimes Against War Prisoners, Jews, and Other Civilians in the East, 1939-1944. New York: New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-525-1.
Jentz, Thomas (1996). Panzertruppen Vol. 2 The Complete Guide to the Creation & Combat Employment of Germany's Tank Force 1943-1945. 77 Lower Valley Road Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-0080-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
Nafziger, George. "Organizational History of Miscelleanous German Named Infantry and Panzer Grenadier, Brigades, Verbands & Divisions, 1939-1945" (PDF). Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library. US Army Combined Arms Center. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
Sharpe, Michael & Davis, Brian L (2001). Grossdeutschland: Guderian's Eastern Front Elite. Compendium Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-2854-0.
Solarz, Jacek (2005). Division/Korps Großdeutschland 1943-1945. Vol. I and II. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Militaria. ISBN 83-7219-237-5.
Spaeter, Helmuth (1992). The History of the Panzerkorps Großdeutschland Vol I. Winnipeg, Canada: J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing. ISBN 0-921991-12-6.
Spaeter, Helmuth (1995). The History of the Panzerkorps Großdeutschland Vol II. Winnipeg, Canada: J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing. ISBN 0-921991-27-4.
Spaeter, Helmuth (2000). The History of the Panzerkorps Großdeutschland Vol III. Winnipeg, Canada: J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing. ISBN 0-921991-50-9.
Spaeter, Helmuth (1990). Panzerkorps Grossdeutschland: A Pictorial History. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Books. ISBN 0-88740-245-3.
Ziemke, Earl F. (2002). Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History. ISBN 978-1-78039-287-5.