Bwiti
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Bwiti is a spiritual discipline of the forest-dwelling Punu people and Mitsogo peoples of Gabon (where it is recognized as one of three official religions) and by the Fang people of Gabon. Modern Bwiti incorporates animism, ancestor worship, and in some cases, Christianity, into a syncretistic belief system.
Bwiti practitioners use the psychedelic, dissociative root bark of the Tabernanthe iboga plant, specially cultivated for the religion, to promote radical spiritual growth, to stabilize community and family structure, to meet religious requirements, and to resolve pathological problems. The root bark has been consumed for hundreds of years in a Bwiti rite of passage ceremony, as well as in initiation rites and acts of healing. The experience yields complex visions and insights anticipated to be valuable to the initiate and the chapel.
Liturgy
[edit]Intoxicants in liturgy
[edit]Taking Iboga brings both open and closed-eye visions which can be made stronger by darkness, ambiance, and suggestion. Following the visions, users experience an introspective mindset in which they often recount past experiences in life. Difficulty sleeping, nausea, and vomiting sometimes last until the day after consumption.[citation needed]
Rites
[edit]Bwiti ceremonies are led by a spiritual leader called N'ganga who is a very important member of the community and has extensive knowledge of traditional healing practices, hexes, and spells. The crucial rite of Bwiti is the initiation ceremony, when young Gabonese women and men take iboga for the first time in the huts specific to each gender to become members of the spiritual practice. There are many ceremonies at different times of the year to give homage to the ancestors. Special ceremonies may be held to heal sick persons or drive out malevolent spirits.
During some ceremonies, a traditional torch made of bark and tree sap, the mupeto, is burned. Music and dance are central to the Bwiti tradition. Participants sing and play drums and shakers. Some traditions use the Ngombi harp, while other use the traditional Mongongo. The N'ganga and other participants usually dress in red, black, and white cloth. They may wear skirts of raffia material and small shells or beads. Animal skins, such as Genet fur, are often worn. The iboga root may be made into a tea or more often taken in the form of scrapings. Ceremonies usually begin at night and may last for days since the effects of doses of the drug of the size employed in such ceremonies are particularly long lasting.
Initiation ritual
[edit]The Bwiti religion originated among the Pygmies, who discovered the effects of consuming the second layer of the iboga root.[1] Pygmies – mainly the Mbenge ethnic group in Gabon (Aka, Gyele, Bongo, Baka and Kola groups)[2] – have observed the special effect of iboga in mountain gorillas that chewed the root. After small doses of crushed iboga root, the Pygmy hunters were able to cover a noticeably longer distance, carry a heavier load and not sleep for several days.[3] Larger doses of iboga lead to significant hallucinations, and the dose used for the Bwiti initiation causes temporary unconsciousness. Exceeding this dose – in relation to the weight and health of the person – will cause death.[4][5]
The initiation ritual is important for the Gabonese: it is during this ritual that they are initiated into the Bwiti religion and consume iboga for the first time in their lives. After successfully completing the initiation ritual, they can consume iboga throughout their life, whether during festivities, treatment, or for their personal spiritual development.[1] The initiation ritual in Gabon usually takes three to seven days (depending on the area).[5] The common characteristics of the initiation ritual in various areas are monotonous music with a repetitive melody, purification, vomiting, fasting, censing and receiving a drug from the iboga root. The initiation ritual is sometimes called simply after the shrub the crushed root of which is consumed – iboga.[4][5]
In Gabon, Bwiti is practiced separately as an independent religion, but often together with Catholic Christianity in a syncretized form.[5]
Sects and Rites
[edit]The term "Bwiti" is often misrepresented in the west. This is likely due to a lack of information dissemination (considering it is an oral tradition), appropriation and modification of rites amongst the different populations, and purposeful disinformation to keep rites secret. The Pygmy peoples are often cited as the origin of Bwiti, or at least of the use of Iboga in a ritualistic context.[6]
Recognition
[edit]Bwiti is one of Gabon's official traditions. Some sects are influenced by Christianity, and include the use of the Christian calendar.[7]
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Fernandez, J. W. (2019). Bwiti:An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 476–484.
- ^ Yates, Douglas A. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Gabon. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 6–7.
- ^ Neuwinger, Hans Dieter (1996). African Ethnobotany:Poisons and Drugs. Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology. CRC Press. p. 207.
- ^ a b Fernandez, J. W.; Fernandez, R. L. (2001). "Returning to the path: the use of iboga(ine) in an equatorial African ritual context and the binding of time, space, and social relationships. The Alkaloids". Chemistry and Biology. 56 (1): 235–247.
- ^ a b c d Havelka, Ondřej (2022-11-25). "The Syncretism of the Gabonese Bwiti Religion and Catholic Christianity from a Theological and Theological-Ethical Perspective". Acta Universitatis Carolinae Theologica. 12 (1): 143–159.
This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
- ^ Bonhomme, Julien; De Ruyter, Magali; Moussavou, Guy-Max (2012). "Blurring the Lines. Ritual and Relationships between Babongo Pygmies and their Neighbours (Gabon)". Anthropos. 107 (2): 387–406. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2012-2-367. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
- ^ The Babongo, BBC page for Bruce Parry's "Tribe" series.
References
[edit]- Holy War- A Tale of Bwiti Initiation, Part 1 (2018) by Jim Dziura. Psychedelic Times
- Holy War- A Tale of Bwiti Initiation, Part 2 (2018) by Jim Dziura. Psychedelic Times
- BBC TV Series (2005). Tribe (link) - explorer Bruce Parry spent a month living amongst the Babongo and was initiated into their use of Iboga.
- Tribe Babongo Iboga With Bruce Parry; Divx Video Quality.
- Pinchbeck, Daniel (2002). "Breaking Open the Head". Broadway Books. Part I pages 9–39.
- Pinchbeck, Daniel (1999). "Tripping on Iboga". Salon Travel
- Samorini, Giorgio. "Adam, Eve and Iboga" (Originally published in Integration 4: 4-10).
- Samorini, Giorgio. "The Bwiti Religion and the psychoactive plant Tabernanthe iboga (Equatorial Africa)" (Originally published in Integration 5: 105-114)
Further reading
[edit]- Dashu, Max (1 December 2007). "In the Pool of Night". Seasonal Salon. Re-formed Congregation of the Goddess, International. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
- Goutarel, Robert; Gollnhofer, Otto; Sillans, Roger (1993). "Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutic Applications of Iboga and Ibogaine". Psychedelic Monographs and Essays. 6. Translated from French by William J. Gladstone. PM&E Publishing Group: 70–111. ISSN 0892-371X. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
- Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa. By James W. Fernandez, Princeton University Press, 1982.
